Friday, December 30, 2011

Orion StarSeeker 130 GoTo Reflector Telescope & SkyLine Kit

!±8± Orion StarSeeker 130 GoTo Reflector Telescope & SkyLine Kit


Rate : | Price : $499.99 | Post Date : Dec 30, 2011 08:45:37
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You don't have to know Lyra from Leo to locate oodles of celestial objects with the StarSeeker 130. It uses the latest computerized object-locating technology to automatically pinpoint any of 4,000+ astronomical objects, then tracks it until you are ready to move on to the next one! With the largest optics of all the StarSeekers, this model sees the deepest into space. Its 130mm-diameter (5.1-inch) parabolic mirror has a short focal length to provide a wide field of view and bright images. Friends and family will enjoy probing intriguing star clusters and nebulas as well as the Moon and planets. Includes illuminated hand controller, 1.25-inch R&P focuser, two Kellner eyepieces, and a red-dot finder scope to aid in the initial alignment. Point yourself, and your telescope, in the right direction with the included Orion SkyLine Kit. Featuring the Orion SkyLine Deluxe Green Laser Pointer, Orion Shorty 2x Barlow Lens, and Orion Beginning Stargazers Toolkit, the Add SkyLine Kit enhances your ability to sight objects in the night sky, magnify your view of such objects, and to learn about them and when they can be viewed.

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Sunday, December 25, 2011

Kaguya Lunar Impact Observation

Camera: ATK-1C CCD Webcam Telescope: 6" Newtonian Equatorial Reflector Telescope Date & Time: June 11, 2009, 2:27 am Location: Quezon City, Philippines As you can see, the clouds covered everything, hahaha! Anyway, the telescope was not enough to see even the bright flash of light coming from the impact.

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Tuesday, December 20, 2011

Reflecting Telescope Optics II: Manufacture, Testing, Alignment, Modern Techniques: 002 (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

!±8±Reflecting Telescope Optics II: Manufacture, Testing, Alignment, Modern Techniques: 002 (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library)

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Post Date : Dec 20, 2011 08:13:47
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This volume is concerned essentially with the modern developments in reflecting telescope optics. In the last twenty years, modern technology has revolutionized not only manufacturing and test procedures but also the whole area of quality specification with the introduction of active control into the functioning telescope. Other subjects covered here are alignment of telescope optics, atmospheric optics, including adaptive optics, reflecting coatings and ancillary equipment (adapters and baffles). Although an independent work, Vol. II is heavily cross-referenced with Vol. I. It is richly illustrated and gives, together with Vol. I, the most complete list of references available; it can also therefore be regarded as a source book.

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Friday, December 16, 2011

How to Do Venice in 48 Hours

!±8± How to Do Venice in 48 Hours

Canals, gondoliers, romance, swaying buildings and mystery persons wearing painted masks. This guide will help you get behind the mask of Venice in just 48 hours.

Providing you haven't spent the better part of the day trying to locate your accommodation you may find some time after checking in to do some exploring. One of the first things you will notice is no traffic. Vehicles are restricted to the last piece of solid ground near the train station, Piazzale Roma. This is where the bus terminal and public carparks are located and where your journey begins.

10:00

As you walk across the first of 409 bridges spanning the 150 canals you may wonder what inspired the original inhabitants to build their city afloat on 117 tiny islands in a marshy lagoon. The key reason was safety and protection from the marauding non-swimmer Attila the Hun. However the locals soon learnt that the centralised location was equally important in terms of European trade.

Walking the streets of Venice is an attraction in itself. The architecture is a mix of Byzantine, Renaissance and opulent Austro-Hungarian tastes. Narrow alleyways lead into decorative courtyards or twist around corners to hidden gardens. Some of the buildings have taken on a seriously disturbing lean that can leave you feeling dizzy and hoping that they remain standing for a few minutes more as you pass beneath.

There are three main street signs mostly visible with arrows pointing to either Piazzale Roma, or 'Ferrovia' (the train station) or towards Piazza San Marco and more often than not, in both directions. There are wider street arteries which allow the majority of crowds to find San Marco with ease but to get a real sense of Venice it is recommended to get off the beaten track.

12:00

Turn a few corners and after a few hours you will have been totally lost and found again, either ending up at the Ferrovia or hopefully in Piazza San Marco.You will notice first the campanile towering above you.

The campanile was built as a lookout and lighthouse on foundations that dated back to the Roman period. Added to and enlarged over several centuries the end result was a total collapse in 1902 and a huge international effort to rebuild it brick by brick. The logetta base relief at the base of the tower was painstakingly pieced back together after being completely shattered by the falling bricks. The climb to the top of the campanile is worth it for the view across the lagoon to the outlying islands and a great way to orientate yourself. Gallileo even demonstrated his telescope to the Doges up here.

The other obvious thing to dominate the square is the sheer number of pigeons. They are usually seen covering small children which kindly parents have doused in birdseed in hopes the birds will fly away with them. On a slightly more serious note the rumour is there is a 0US fine for anyone caught kicking the pigeons. It's really tempting but...

Looking south out between the pillars topped by the winged lion, the symbol of Venice, and the statue of St Theodore you will see water craft bobbing about including the vaporetti, Venice's metro system, ferrying workers and tourists from island to island. Then there are the delivery boats, fire, ambulance and police boats, water taxis and the distinctive black gondolas.

You would have seen these gliding effortlessly through the canals between the houses during your walk carrying couples and groups of tourists, propelled by striped shirted men with a long oar and quite possibly singing an opera tune.

Continuing past the Doges Palace and turning left will bring you out onto the most south-eastern edge of the square. There is yet another bridge to cross but it may look crowded with tourists looking up a canal at another bridge. The object of their fascination is the Ponte Sospiri, or Bridge of Sighs. It is an enclosed bridge linking the palace courts to the old prison. A last breath of fresh air could be gasped by prisoners at the tiny latticed window before being dragged off to the 'leads'.

14:00

Now to head back towards the Rialto Bridge. There will be a few signs directing you towards this and again they may appear to go in both directions. The bridge is the oldest one of three in the world that is occupied by shops.

The Rialto was mediaeval Europe's trading centre with traders from the orient bringing goods to wealthy Venetian merchants. Usury, or money lending, was also practised contributing significantly to the city coffers making Venice extremely prosperous.

The current stone bridge was constructed in the 1500's after a competition was run to find a solution to the regular problems of flooding and fires that kept destroying the wooden ones.It was successfully won by architect Antonio da Ponte. It also had to be tall enough to allow warships to pass beneath on their way to the crusades.

Depending on where you are staying or how tired the feet are it might be time to catch a vaporetto up the Grand Canal. For a fraction of the cost of a gondola trip you can take the 40 minute ride up the Grand Canal, go beneath the Rialto as well as see the magnificent mansions, palaces and plush Venetian hotels that line the banks.

19:00

Venice by night is far more peaceful as the noise of the boats going about their daily business subsides and the canals are left to the gondolas and the odd taxi. Dinner can be an expensive affair unless you know where to go. A rough guide is the further away from Piazza San Marco the cheaper, however there are some good value places around in places such as Cannareggio, Dorsoduro, San Polo and Santa Croce. Look more for osterias while some bars also serve bar snacks and light meals.

Many Venetian locals no longer live in the city due to the high living costs, preferring to reside on the mainland in Mestre. As a result there isn't a particularly energetic nightlife after hours. There are a few jazz bars where you can get pricey cocktails. Venice's most famous establishment is Harry's Bar in San Marco, where the Bellini was born. This is a tasty combination of champagne and peach juice.

09:00

An early start is necessary to ensure you get where you are going and to hopefully beat the crowds. Venice is a popular city all year round, summer and winter, and there doesn't appear to be a low season as such. The weather can sometimes be a blessing as passing showers can keep the large crowds at bay and make queuing time shorter. Flooding is common in winter.

Entry to the Basilica can either be a long line shuffling through the doors or a quick step inside. Watch your step as the floor has taken on an undulating feel due to years of flooding. Beneath the altar lies the remains of St Mark, the patron saint of the city. St Mark was actually a replacement patron as the city fathers felt the original one, St Theodore, was lacking in ecclesiastical clout.

The mosaic above the door to the left portrays the bringing of St Marks body back from Alexandria in Egypt in 828. A chapel was constructed to house the remains but burnt down in 932, to be replaced with a more substantial basilica in 1063. During some of the renovations St Marks body was lost but was eventually found and relocated to the crypt beneath the altar.

Above the door way stands the Quadriga on the loggia balcony. These four horses are copies of the originals that are housed inside in the Galleria. They were stolen during the sacking of Constantinople. There is a small fee to enter the Galleria upstairs where you can view the original horses as well as get a great view over the entire Basilica's interior.

10:00

The Palazzo Ducale was begun in the 10thC as the formal residence of the Doges. These men were responsible for the government, administration and justice system for the entire republic of the Veneto. The rooms and hallways are filled from floor to ceiling with paintings, frescoes and sculptures. In particular is one of the largest oil paintings in the world, Tintoretto's Paradise. Many of the works shown are by Tintoretto, Sansovino and Veronese reflecting the wealth brought to the city by the traders.

You also cross the Ponte Sospiri to the palace prisons offering a chance to get an idea of what the prisoners must have felt on their way to their incarceration. One of the more famous inhabitants was Casanova, the legendary womaniser, imprisoned in 1755 for dealings in the 'occult' by the State Inquisition and the only one to successfully escape.

14:00

The streets around San Marco area are filled with shops and churches, all offering some more examples of fine art, architecture and craftsmanship. Not least is the impressive Chiesa di Santa Maria della Salute, the church opposite the square marking the entrance to the Grand Canal. This church was built in honour of the Virgin Mary in the 17thC whom the city believed protected them from an outbreak of plague.

15:00

Making your way further up the Grand Canal you will reach the 20thC Peggy Guggenheim collection in Dorsoduro. She lived in Palazzo Venier dei Leoni for 30 years before dying in 1979. Her collection contains works by Picasso, Mondrian, Chagall, Ernst, Miro, Magritte, Bacon and Dali. The garden contains more sculptures as well as the graves of Ms Guggenhiem and her dogs.

10:00

There is a 10 minute vaporetto ride from Fondamente Nove on the LN line to Murano where the glass artisans have been working their trade since 1291. Venetian glass was one of the most prized items for the wealthy around Europe and it is still revered today. The glass makers were moved here by ducal decree after one too many fires and were also charged with treason if they tried to leave town, such was the prizing of their skill in the craft. Today you can watch them at work on their premises so keep an eye out for signs with 'fornace'. Some places even offer more structured guided tours and demonstrations.

12:00

You can then continue on to Burano from Murano-Faro, the journey takes 30 minutes. Burano is the home to the centuries old tradition of lace making. The lace was an extension of the fishing nets made by the women on the island and became well known in courts around mediaeval Europe as being the finest quality. The island is distinctive also for the bold colours the houses are painted in.

16:00

From Burano it takes an hour to reach Venice's hotspot for celebrity and films- the Lido. The Venice film festival is held here every year attracting the stars from all over Europe and now more commonly non Europeans. Even if the stars are not out there is the beach which gives a bit of respite from the bridges. The resort is not as hip as it once was but the prices are still geared towards those with a bit more cash. The trip back to San Marco should take about 15 minutes.

So there is the best Venice has to offer in 48 hours, all the essentials to get you behind the mask of this unique city.


How to Do Venice in 48 Hours

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Tuesday, November 29, 2011

IB Physics - IA Example: Data Collection and Processing

!±8± IB Physics - IA Example: Data Collection and Processing

For anyone who has difficulty writing up their practicals, this article helps to explain the data collection and processing component of writing an IB Physics Practical.

Basically, the practical involved calculations of momentum using a machine that allowed collisions with minimal friction. The aim was to verify the law of conservation of momentum.

Below is an example of one such practical:

Data collection and Processing:

Qualitative Observations:

It was noticed that the metal of the ramp heated up slightly after each recording and that unless the ramp was adjusted, the glider would move due the metal changing shape. By adjusting the knob at the bottom of the ramp, the height of the ramp can be shifted so that the ramp is roughly parallel to the ground, but since the track has bent, the glider is likely to be influenced by the effects of gravity on the sides of the ramp. This would have added to the uncertainty of the experiment, since the effects of gravity would now be taking effect.

Furthermore, the VELA records the acceleration based on infra-red light readings during two separate times. The glider consists of two pieces of metal that block out the infra-red light and the time that it is blocked out is used by the machine to calculate the acceleration. However, the two pieces of metal reflect light and may have reflected some of the natural light in the room, onto the reader. This may also have added to the uncertainty in the experiment.

When the ramp was set such that it was horizontal and the glider was placed in the centre, the glider oscillated back and forth. The air rising from the holes in the ramp would brush up against the edge of the glider and push it back. Then the air behind the glider would also brush against the edge of the glider and push it forward.

After the collision of the two gliders, it was noticed that the gliders' final speeds (separating after the collision) was similar to their initial speeds (before the collision). This suggests that the value of the final momentum should be similar to the value of the initial momentum.

After the string between the gliders was cut, the magnetic force of repulsion between the magnets attached to them caused them to travel in separate directions. It was noticed that the heavier glider had a slower speed than the lighter glider. This is necessary for their momentum to be equal (and opposite since their directions are opposite), since p = mv. If m is greater, v will need to be smaller for p to be equal for both gliders.

Raw Data:

Note: The units will be converted into the correct SI units in the processed data.

There were 2 gliders, glider A and glider B. Glider A had a mass of 261g. Glider B had a mass of 309g. Let the uncertainty be half the last digit since the scales used can only measure accurate to 1 gram.

Glider A will always be on the left initially and Glider B will always be on the right initially. Let the direction of the velocity to the right be positive.

The uncertainty of the mass of each glider is +/- 0.5 grams since the scales can only measure accurately to that degree. The uncertainty of the initial and final velocities would in theory be +/- 0.05 mms-1. This will be recorded into the raw data.

However, there are more uncertainties involved in this measurement. It is not possible for the slope of the ramp to be perfectly horizontal, therefore gravity will take effect. Furthermore, the air rising from the holes would also alter the measurement slightly. The light reflecting off the metal plates may also interfere with the result. Also, the light recorder calculates the velocity based on the length of the metal plates. The length of these plates is 100mm +/- 0.5mm. Thus there is much more uncertainty than +/-0.05mms-1.

The uncertainty cannot be quantified, but it would mean that the data can no longer be measured to 4 significant digits. Thus a rough estimate of the uncertainty will be 5mms-1. This is half the last digit of a measurement to 3 significant figures.

The correct number of significant digits will be used in the processed data. For now, it will be left as 4 significant digits since it is the raw data.

Collision Experiment

Glider

Mass+/-0.05(g)

u +/-5(mms-1)

v +/-5(mms-1)

A

261

+1493

-836.0

B

309

-1186

+780.0

Magnetic Repulsion Experiment

Glider

Mass+/-0.05(g)

u+/-5(mms-1)

v+/-5(mms-1)

A

261

0.000

-280.0

B

309

0.000

+230.0

Processed Data: The data will now be converted into SI units as well as their uncertainties.

The mass in the raw data will need to be converted into kg. Thus the uncertainty will become+/-0.0005kg.

The velocity in the raw data will be converted into ms-1. This will only be to 3 significant digits, as explained above and the uncertainty will be 0.005ms-1.

Collision Experiment

Glider

Mass+/-0.0005(kg)

u+/-0.005(ms-1)

v+/-0.005(ms-1)

A

0.261

+1.49

-0.836

B

0.309

-1.19

+0.780

Magnetic Repulsion Experiment

Glider

Mass+/-0.0005(kg)

u+/-0.005(ms-1)

v+/-0.005(ms-1)

A

0.261

0.000

-0.280

B

0.309

0.000

+0.230

Calculating Momentum:

Let the mass of glider A be mA and its initial velocity be uA and its final velocity be vA Let the mass of glider B be mB and its initial velocity be uB and its final velocity be vB

Let the initial momentum of glider A be piA and the final momentum be pfA. Let the initial momentum of glider B be piB and the final momentum be pfB.

Collision Experiment:

piA= mAuA = 0.261x 1.49 = 0.389 Ns

The uncertainty can be calculated by adding the relative uncertainties of the mass and the initial velocity:

Relative error of mass = 0.0005/0.261 = 0.002 Relative error of initial velocity = 0.005/1.49 = 0.003 Sum of relative errors = 0.005 or 0.5% Absolute error = 0.005 x 0.389 = 0.002

Thus piA = 0.39 +/- 0.002 Ns

Using the same method, the other values of momentum, as well as their absolute error can be calculated:

pfA= mAvA = (0.261+/-0.0005) x (-0.836+/-0.005) = - 0.22+/- 0.002 Ns

piB= mBuB = (0.309+/-0.0005) x (-1.19+/-0.005) = - 0.36 +/- 0.002 Ns

pfB= mBvB = (0.309+/-0.0005) x (0.780+/-0.005) = 0.24 +/- 0.002 Ns

Magnetic Repulsion Experiment:

Since uA and uB are both equal to 0, the initial momentum of glider A and glider B are both equal to 0. This is because pi = mu, and m x 0 = 0.

pfA= mAvA = (0.261+/-0.0005) x (-0.280+/-0.005) =- 0.07 +/- 0.001 Ns

pfB= mBv­B = (0.309+/-0.0005) x (0.230+/-0.005) = 0.07 ­+/- 0.002 Ns


IB Physics - IA Example: Data Collection and Processing

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Thursday, November 24, 2011

Orion AstroView 6 Equatorial Reflector Telescope

!±8±Orion AstroView 6 Equatorial Reflector Telescope

Brand : Orion
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Price : $429.99
Post Date : Nov 25, 2011 06:24:07
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If you're ready to graduate from a small scope or want your first scope to have more light-gathering power than typical starter scopes, step up to the AstroView 6. Its 150mm parabolic mirror has a focal length of 750mm (f/5), so it offers generous wide-field views of deep-sky objects when used with the included 25mm Plossl. For lunar and planetary study, use the 10mm Plossl (also included). The AstroView's EQ-3 equatorial mount features manual slow motion controls, which allow you to center and track objects in the viewing field. An optional single- or dual-axis EQ-3 DC drive is also available for electronic guiding. Built in to the equatorial head is a polar-alignment scope for precise orientation on celestial north or south. The mount couples to a sturdy adjustable aluminum tripod with accessory tray. Includes 6x30 finder, rack-and-pinion focuser, and four-vane adjustable secondary mirror support.

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Monday, November 21, 2011

What Are Reflecting Telescopes Used For?

!±8± What Are Reflecting Telescopes Used For?

Telescopes are scientific instruments. And in a way, backyard astronomy telescopes are also scientific instruments, though on a lesser scale than the Hubble! But, what are reflecting telescopes used for? Are there more uses for a backyard astronomy telescope, than simply pointing and looking? Join me as we take a look at what are reflecting telescopes used for.

There is no doubt that telescopes are scientific instruments. Whether it is NASA or your own telescope, you can look into the heavens and do a lot more than simply see what Jupiter looks like.

The simplest way to use a telescope is to simply point and look. There is some science in it. You need to discover where the object is, and actually find it, and view it.

Another level to this could be the addition of a notebook. Now astronomy gets even more fun! You can now instead of simply viewing Jupiter, draw a picture in your notebook. You can write out your findings.

Over days, and weeks, months and years, these drawings and writings will allow you to get much more out of astronomy. Why? Because each day, each week, there is a change. And this change can be seen.

In the example with Jupiter, the red spot can tell you how long it takes Jupiter to do a revolution - with keen observation. You can measure information about Jupiter's moons and so much more.

We have not even scratched the surface. We have only looked at Jupiter! Imagine looking at Saturn, seeing it closer, seeing it further away, seeing the rings at certain angles, and other times the ring hardly looks like it is there.

This is science at its best, especially with backyard astronomy, and you can fully participate in it. You may not find a planet; however, you will be learning, rather than simply viewing.

A lot of what we know of the Universe is here, because astronomers of the past did these very acts. They took their small telescopes, pointed it to the heavens, and recorded. Today, that information allows us with ease to know where a planet is, its size, and even its mass!

For more advanced studies and findings, you can actually participate in science by searching for meteors and asteroids which may pose a danger to Earth. You can also measure the speed of light, and find out for yourself the size and mass of the planets, and even what they are composed of. However, that will be something that will need your research, passion, and effort to find.

There is a lot to do with reflecting telescopes, and with a bit of investigation, you can get much more out of backyard astronomy. The question is how deep do you want to get into backyard astronomy.


What Are Reflecting Telescopes Used For?

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Saturday, October 29, 2011

Celestron 21045 114mm Equatorial PowerSeeker Telescope

!±8±Celestron 21045 114mm Equatorial PowerSeeker Telescope

Brand : Celestron
Rate :
Price : $96.34
Post Date : Oct 29, 2011 19:36:10
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Celestron PowerSeeker telescopes are a great way to open up the wonders of the Universe to the aspiring astronomer. The PowerSeeker series is designed to give the first-time telescope user the perfect combination of quality, value, features and power.

Amateur astronomy is a great family hobby that can be enjoyed year round, and Celestron’s PowerSeekers are the ideal choice for families looking for an affordable and high quality telescope that will provide many hours of enjoyment for children and adults alike.

PowerSeekers are quick and easy to set up – even for the novice. No tools are required for assembly!

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